- 09 Feb 2004 02:09
#96953
It is pretty widely accepted that all people are fundamentally equal.
Are we?
Are we?
Wandering the information superhighway, he came upon the last refuge of civilization, PoFo, the only forum on the internet ...
Person wrote:It is pretty widely accepted that all people are fundamentally equal.Equal to what?
Are we?
(Summary of John Rawls' essay taken from Stumpf's Elements of Philosophy)
Imagine yourself in the original position, a situation where you are
about to establish an organized society. You, and everybody else,
will have to decide how to create a good society, one in which
everyone is treated in a fair way. What should each person's place
or situation, job, class position, and social status be? How should
questions of this kind be answered? To make sure that the answers,
and therefore each person's position and status, are decided on
fairly, Rawls asks us to forget what our present situation is. To make
sure that the principles of justice we are about to agree to are fair
and objective, it is necessary for us, says Rawls, to step behind a
"veil of ignorance." This veil of ignorance simply means that none
of us knows (i.e. we act as though we do not know) what our
special circumstances are. We are to suppose that the slate is wiped
clean and we are starting all over. No one knows what his or her
special talents are. The purpose, then, of the veil of ignorance is to
eliminate from our minds any prejudice based on our special cir-
cumstances so that we can approach the task of formulating the
principles of justice from as objective a point of view as possible.
Under these circumstances, how should we go about devising an
arrangement among people which would amount to justice?
Rawls assumes that all men have a sense of justice. This does
not mean that everybody always agrees with a particular definition
of justice. It does mean, however, that all people have a certain
rational ability through which they understand what is and what is
not fair. Moreover, rational human beings also know which princi-
ples will be respected. Rational persons know, for example, that it
is not fair to achieve the good life for some at the expense of others.
From his ideas about the "original position" and the "veil of
ignorance," Rawls arrives at "two principles of justice." The first
principal is based on the special way in which each person is
assumed to be equal. Hence Rawls says, "First: each person is to
have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible
with a similar liberty for others." This form of liberty is basically
political liberty. It includes the right to vote and to be eligible for
public office as well as freedom of speech and assembly, freedom
of conscience, and freedom to hold property .
The second principle of justice, says Rawls, recognizes certain
inequalities among people. People are, after all, different in many
ways. These differences are reflected in the distribution of wealth
and income. Recognizing these differences, Rawls describes this
principle as follows: "Social and economic inequalities are to be
arranged so that they are both (a) reasonably expected to be to
everyone's advantage, and (b) attached to positions and offices open
to all." What Rawls is attempting to accomplish in this second prin-
ciple is, first, to recognize the facts of inequality and differences
among individuals, and second, to make sure that these differences
do not lead to injustice. Justice, says Rawls, does not require that
wealth and income should be divided equally. However, an
unequal division is justified only if everyone is better off, that is, if
such an unequal division results in everyone's advantage.
These two principles must be arranged in a special sequence
that Rawls calls "a serial order." The first principle deals with polit-
ical freedom. The second principle deals with social and economic
arrangements. Justice requires that political freedoms should
always remain the highest priority and that the social and economic
arrangements should be adapted to these political freedoms.
Accordingly, it would be a violation of justice if a society sacrificed
personal and political freedoms, the basic liberties, in exchange for
some additional social and economic benefits.
Maxim Litvinov wrote:The two most important X-factors being:
i - How rich are your parents?
ii - Where were you born?
Maxim Litvinov wrote:Sure, clownboy. I agree. Being crippled from birth is probably a bigger encumberment than being born in a very poor country. A moot point, though.
Person wrote:It is pretty widely accepted that all people are fundamentally equal.
Are we?
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