Races, product of Homo sapiens breeding with different kind of Hominideslike Homo neaderthalensis... - Politics Forum.org | PoFo

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#14706194
2% of the European DNA is not human it is from neaderthal humans, who settled at first in Europe. unlike Afrikans and many Asians..

Also Aborigenes have homo erectus DNA...


Are the races a product of breedings with close related different species?
#14706228
Image

Ust'Ishim man, the 45,000-year-old remains of one of the early modern humans to inhabit western Siberia, lived in the immediate aftermath of the genetic interchange between Neanderthals and modern humans and the Neanderthal DNA in Ust'Ishim man occurs in clusters as a result. Kostenki14 had the SLC24A5 mutation at 17% and it belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U2, while the allele frequency of SLC24A5 was only 2% for Ust'Ishim in western Siberia. Ust'Ishim man belonged to mtDNA haplogroup R* and mtDNA haplogroup U is its descendant haplogroup. Light skin mutations may have originated in this genetic lineage and the initial introduction of the light skin gene (SLC24A5) to human lineages could be associated with Neanderthal admixture.

Image

Moreover, fragments of Denisovan DNA account for 6% of the genome of Aboriginal Australians and most Melanesians also have significant Denisovan ancestry, while their H. erectus ancestry is not genetically proven yet. Noonan et al. (2006) previously demonstrated that between 1 and 4% of the genomes of people in Europe and Asia are derived from Neanderthals and East Asians have 20 percent more Neanderthal DNA than Europeans (Wall et al. 2013). Edwards et al. (2010) showed an association between the OCA2 gene (rs1800414) and lighter skin pigmentation in people of East Asian ancestry, showing that a light skin mutation is also present in East Asians.

Neanderthals were a group of archaic hominins that occupied most of Europe and parts of Western Asia from ∼30,000 to 300,000 years ago (KYA). They coexisted with modern humans during part of this time. Previous genetic analyses that compared a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome with genomes of several modern humans concluded that Neanderthals made a small (1–4%) contribution to the gene pools of all non-African populations. This observation was consistent with a single episode of admixture from Neanderthals into the ancestors of all non-Africans when the two groups coexisted in the Middle East 50–80 KYA. We examined the relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans in greater detail by applying two complementary methods to the published draft Neanderthal genome and an expanded set of high-coverage modern human genome sequences. We find that, consistent with the recent finding of Meyer et al. (2012), Neanderthals contributed more DNA to modern East Asians than to modern Europeans. Furthermore we find that the Maasai of East Africa have a small but significant fraction of Neanderthal DNA. Because our analysis is of several genomic samples from each modern human population considered, we are able to document the extent of variation in Neanderthal ancestry within and among populations. Our results combined with those previously published show that a more complex model of admixture between Neanderthals and modern humans is necessary to account for the different levels of Neanderthal ancestry among human populations. In particular, at least some Neanderthal–modern human admixture must postdate the separation of the ancestors of modern European and modern East Asian populations.

http://www.genetics.org/content/194/1/199.short

Neandertals, the closest evolutionary relatives of present-day humans, lived in large parts of Europe and western Asia before disappearing 30,000 years ago. We present a draft sequence of the Neandertal genome composed of more than 4 billion nucleotides from three individuals. Comparisons of the Neandertal genome to the genomes of five present-day humans from different parts of the world identify a number of genomic regions that may have been affected by positive selection in ancestral modern humans, including genes involved in metabolism and in cognitive and skeletal development. We show that Neandertals shared more genetic variants with present-day humans in Eurasia than with present-day humans in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that gene flow from Neandertals into the ancestors of non-Africans occurred before the divergence of Eurasian groups from each other.

One model for modern human origins suggests that
all present-day humans trace all their ancestry back
to a small African population that expanded and
replaced archaic forms of humans without admixture.
Our analysis of the Neandertal genome may
not be compatible with this view because Neandertals
are on average closer to individuals in
Eurasia than to individuals in Africa. Furthermore,
individuals in Eurasia today carry regions in their
genome that are closely related to those in Neandertals
and distant from other present-day humans.
The data suggest that between 1 and 4% of
the genomes of people in Eurasia are derived from
Neandertals. Thus, while the Neandertal genome
presents a challenge to the simplest version of an
“out-of-Africa” model for modern human origins, it
continues to support the view that the vast majority
of genetic variants that exist at appreciable frequencies
outside Africa came from Africa with
the spread of anatomically modern humans.

A striking observation is that Neandertals are
as closely related to a Chinese and Papuan individual
as to a French individual, even though
morphologically recognizable Neandertals exist
only in the fossil record of Europe and western
Asia. Thus, the gene flow between Neandertals
and modern humans that we detect most likely
occurred before the divergence of Europeans,
East Asians, and Papuans. This may be explained
by mixing of early modern humans ancestral to
present-day non-Africans with Neandertals in the
Middle East before their expansion into Eurasia
Such a scenario is compatible with the archaeological
record, which shows that modern humans
appeared in the Middle East before 100,000 years
ago whereas the Neandertals existed in the same
region after this time, probably until 50,000 years
ago (82).

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/3 ... 1113.short
Last edited by ThirdTerm on 29 Jul 2016 02:52, edited 4 times in total.
#14706230
Almost certainly not, it's hard to say how much DNA we have in common with neanderthals and other close human relatives because DNA degrades over time and become fragmentary in fossils and it's hard to sort out contamination from human DNA because obviously it's very similar.

Some experiments have estimated genetic similarity and possible interbreeding but it also doesn't really matter when it comes to race.

The fairly straightforward hypothesis that as humans migrated north we adapted to the levels of light and other environmental factors is straightforward and explains racial differences in a much less complicated way.
#14706253
Races are BULLSHIT. Race is a social construct. You don't have dog 'races', but species, and we are too similar to be of difference species. We are all of one species, with extremely minor genetic differences.

The billions of human beings living today all belong to one species: Homo sapiens.
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/gen ... -worldwide
#14706259
We are not the same and we are not all equal. This is just a fact of life present everywhere, not just races. Something being a social construct means nothing in terms of how real it is especially when we're talking people, to quote engels:

We regard the economic conditions as conditioning, in the last instance, historical development. But race is itself an economic factor. But there are two points here which must not be overlooked.

(a) The political, legal, philosophical, religious, literary, artistic, etc., development rest upon the economic. But they all react upon one another and upon the economic base. It is not the case that the economic situation is the cause, alone active, and everything else only a passive effect. Rather there is a reciprocal interaction with a fundamental economic necessity which in the last instance always asserts itself.


Race isn't just genetics but its intersection with civilization, class, and culture which is a product of shared economic conditions. Those are all social constructs as well, yet there's hardly been anything but clashes of civilizations, class struggle, and cultural war in the history of the 'one species'. The family is also a social construct, yet nonetheless fills a critical genetic role for modern society.

Some societies produce tribes and shamans, others produce nations and high churches. Some hunt in simple hierachies and never worry about winter, others have to defer gratification and have a complex society of classes because of agriculture and the social surplus it creates.
#14706645
Race is hard to define... the founders of Western Civilisation... Greeks and Italians, are a mix of Europeans and Arabs.

2500 Years ago all leading scientists were Greeks.

and 10000 Years ago were Syria and Iraq home of Satehood and Mathematics...
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