@Godstud
- Public education, which has often been underfunded in African-American majority schools, limiting skill acquisition and upward mobility for black Americans.
Public education is not only underfunded but also substandard in large sections of the US in general, affecting all racial and ethnic groups.
If it wasn't, then it wouldn't have been a main campaign issue by Bush, Obama, Sanders, and many others.
- Employment discrimination, which makes it more difficult for black families to escape from poverty or build wealth in their community.
There are laws against racial discrimination and they are being enforced.
Furthermore, as stated above, the problem isn't with racism but rather the destruction of middle-class jobs in general which is affecting everyone in the US and the world as a whole.
Blaming the job loss and lack of good employment on racism and discrimination against black people when it's affecting everyone is a useless old trope that the reality on the ground doesn't account for.
- The social safety net system, where there is an increased likelihood of sanctioning and spending is less generous for black communities.
If this is meant as a reference to public safety nets, then the US doesn't have those for anyone.
If it is meant as a reference to lack of social cohesion and thus lower family safety nets, then that's not a problem of racism but rather an internal problem.
Eitherway, racism is not to blame here.
- The criminal justice system, where poor outcomes for black Americans include higher bail and greater likelihood of monetary sanctions, among other penalties.
The criminal justice system's main problem is the war on drugs and the spread of international mobs and gangs into poor areas of major cities to be close to major markets.
As I have explained many times before in multiple threads, the existence of these communities near or in major cities makes them a prime targets for these gangs, increasing the level of internal violence and thus increasing police alertness when entering these areas. This is the main cause for police violence and large numbers of arrests.
This problem exists not only in black communities in the US, but in the US in general and in each and every single country in the world across racial and ethnic lines.
And regarding the penalties, all of the working and lower class in the US suffer from it and that's around half the population, so not limited to black people.
Yet again, this is taking a general problem and thinking that it's complex and nuanced when it comes to everyone else, but must be racism if black people encountered it.
Given the history and the concentration of the black population throughout the U.S., regional inequality is often shaped by racial inequality
True, this is the only problem that is caused by past history for black communities, they were in the wrong location.
If they had been in rural or suburban America (Anywhere in those flyover states), then they'll be forgotten there along with all the other impoverished 3rd world communities present there.
and taking steps to combat regional inequality will need to recognize this source. Accordingly, identifying mechanisms to not only address, but actually reverse, the ongoing effects of discriminatory policies and practices is not only a moral imperative: it is also a pressing economic concern.
The highest degree of regional inequality currently present in the US isn't between black areas and everywhere else, it's between the coastal metropolitan areas and the inner lands of the US.
That's where Trump won in the last election because he appealed to the sentiments of the people there.
Now I know everyone would like to claim this is because they're racist as was implied by Clinton and on this thread, but Bernie Sanders is also gaining momentum there and taking these areas in this election cycle, is Bernie Sanders appealing to racism?
This paper is actualy a good sample for why the "Academic" community in the US is falling apart, focusing more on limited data sets that support building a narrative, all while ignoring the whole.
You do know that there is such a thing as positive and negative stereotypes, right?
Asians and Jews generally have positive stereotypes, and you are absolutely clueless about racism if you think it doesn't affect people trying to get jobs, how laws are enforced against them, and other things that contribute to poverty.
How are laws enforced against them exactly? How are affirmative action quotas and anti-descrimination laws being used in a racist way?
And affecting people getting good jobs? The whole problem with the US is that there aren't really many good jobs left to begin with.
Furthermore, if we want to look at good middle class jobs, especially in the sciences (which pays the most BTW), are being filled by immigrants, I don't remember the exact percentage but I quoted before here that somewhere around 40-50% of these fields are filled with immigrants, which is a main driver of the anti-immigration sentiment spreading in the US.
Again, even Bernie Sanders addressed this excess immigration and open borders issue before and described it as a Koch brothers plot.
Wages have not grown with inflation, this is a worldwide issue, and rampant immigration is hurting both countries of origin and destination in that it's a brain drain on one and taking scarce jobs in the other.
This problem is not caused or driven by racism, this is faulty state economic policy and regulations at play, and it's not limited to black people.
Also, regarding the first paper;
The abstract:
Over the past decades, the black urban poor have come
to dominate public images of poverty. Surveys show that the American public dramatically exaggerates the proportion of African
Americans among the poor and that such misperceptions are associated with greater opposition to welfare. In this article I examine the
relationship between news media portrayals and public images of
poverty. I find that network TV news and weekly newsmagazines
portray the poor as substantially more black than is really the case.
In more detailed analyses of newsmagazines, I find that the most
sympathetic subgroups of the poor, such as the elderly and the working poor, are underrepresented, while the least sympathetic groupunemployed working-age adults-is overrepresented. Finally, these
discrepancies between magazine portrayals of the poor and the true
nature of poverty are greater for African Americans than for others.
Thus the unflattering (and distorted) portrait of the poor presented
in these newsmagazines is even more unflattering (and more distorted) for poor African American
Exactly what 've been saying for the past several pages, everyone is ignoring the fact that around half of the US population is poor, and focusing on just black people, which is why these false narratives are taking hold and actively preventing any active solution to the rampant poverty spreading across the US.