Bosnjak, I think Judaism had a nascent strain which glorified martyrdom which was expunged/tamped down by the Rabbis after the utter disasters of 66-70 and 142-145 AD.
For example, consider Maccabees 4, which is non-canonical in Judaism but has canonical status in some Christian churches AFAIK.
[25] There they burned him with maliciously contrived instruments, threw him down, and poured stinking liquids into his nostrils.
[26] When he was now burned to his very bones and about to expire, he lifted up his eyes to God and said,
[27] "You know, O God, that though I might have saved myself, I am dying in burning torments for the sake of the law.
[28] Be merciful to your people, and let our punishment suffice for them.
[29] Make my blood their purification, and take my life in exchange for theirs."
[30] And after he said this, the holy man died nobly in his tortures, and by reason he resisted even to the very tortures of death for the sake of the law.
No doubt an influence on Christianity.
You may also be interested in the "
Martyrology" service which happens on Yom-Kippur afternoon in between Torah reading and Musaf.
The Ten Martyrs (Aseret Harugei Malchut עשרת הרוגי מלכות) refers to a group of ten rabbis living during the era of the Mishnah who were martyred by the Romans in the period after the destruction of the second Temple. Although all ten could not have been killed at the same time since two of the rabbis listed lived well before the other eight - they are listed together, in a manner of a dramatic poem (known as the Eleh Ezkera) recited on two important Jewish holidays, to elicit the proper mood of the day, one of reflection and the hope of redemption in the face of attacks to the beliefs of Judaism.
The term "martyrology" is also used about the story of the deaths (martyrdom) of several famous Rabbis (including Rabbi Akiva) by Romans, read both on Yom Kippur and Tisha b'Av. The deaths were gruesome, including, being wrapped in Torah scrolls and then being set aflame . See also Midrash Eleh Ezkerah.
The rabbis mentioned lived over a period of several hundred years and their stories are presented as a plot by Romans and others to weaken Jews by destroying Jewish leadership.
So as time progressed the concept of martyrdom shifted from an active, resistance-themed one (i.e. the Maccabees fighting the Greeks) to a more passive one of sticking to your beliefs but not actively rocking the boat.
The former concept was revived though with Zionism, particularly
Joseph Trumpledor's death in 1920.
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Edit: I forgot Samson, a prime example of a martyr in Judaism, and a big influence in current Israeli thought.