- 27 Oct 2003 16:45
#231876
The Question of Stalin and "Stalinism" part 1
Excerpted from The End of a Stage, The Beginning of a New Stage, by Bob Avakian, published in Revolution Magazine, Spring, 1990.
It is necessary, in summing up the stage that has ended and the historical experience of socialism so far, to speak once again to this question. I made a rather extensive analysis of the positive contributions as well as the serious errors of Stalin in Conquer the World. But right now, especially, with the changes going on the revisionist countries and the increasing repudiation and attacks there directed at Stalin and "Stalinism" from many different quarters, it is necessary to return to this and to make clear what it is we uphold and won't renounce and what we cannot uphold and must criticize in terms of Stalin's role as the leader of the Soviet Union and in the international communist movement over a decisive period of thirty years, from the early 1920s until his death in 1953.
Mao used the formulation that Stalin's achievements were 70 percent and his errors 30 percent of his overall role. The essence here is not the quantitative analysis-- not the percentages, 70 percent positive, 30 percent negative -- but the overall assessment this suggests: Stalin mainly should be upheld, but he did make errors, including serious errors.
First on the positive side -- the reasons why it is correct to uphold Stalin overall -- his contributions to the international communist movement that outweigh his negative side:
Following Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin led the Soviet Union in taking the socialist road in opposition to right and 'left' opponents whose lines would have led to openly abandoning the goal of socialist transformation or in any case would have led to socialism being overwhelmed and defeated by the forces of capitalism, inside the Soviet Union and internationally.
Stalin led in the complex and acute struggles to carry out collectivization of agriculture and to socialize the ownership of industry, putting the economy on a whole new foundation. This was something that had never been done before. While some significant mistakes were made, the fact is that, contrary to the slanders of the defenders and apologists of the old order, this monumental upheaval was marked by the enthusiasm and initiative of millions and millions of people in the countryside, especially the poor peasants, who were radically transforming centuries-old relations of oppression and casting off thousands of years of enslaving, mind-numbing tradition.
Stalin gave emphasis to the revolutionary struggle and the formation and development of communist parties in the East -- that is, the colonial world -- which was a very important development for the international communist movement. Along with this, Stalin made very valuable contributions in developing Marxist theory concerning the national and colonial question and the liberation struggles of the oppressed nations.
Stalin led the Soviet people in arduous and heroic struggle to defeat German imperialism, led by Hitler, in World War 2.
In the last years of his life Stalin not only refused to buckle under to the imperialists, who were threatening the Soviet Union with atomic weapons, but he continued to grapple with the problems of how to carry forward the socialist transformation of society and what would be the transition from a socialist economic system to a communist one.
All this is more than enough reason to continue to uphold Stalin's historical role as a leader of the Soviet Union and in the international communist movement.
As I wrote in Mao Tsetung's Immortal Contributions, in noting some of Stalin's main historic achievements and putting his errors in historical context:
"To bring about socialist collectivization together with socialist industrialization and transform the Soviet Union from a relatively backward to an advanced country economically -- all of which was accomplished in the two decades between the end of the civil war in Russia and WW2 -- was a great achievement of the Soviet working class and people under the leadership of Stalin. And it had much to do with the Soviet Union's ability to defeat the Nazi invaders in WW2, another great achievement of the Soviet people carried out under Stalin's leadership.
"All the same time, in giving leadership to an unprecedented task of such tremendous proportions--the socialization, transformation and rapid development of the economy of such a large and complex country as the Soviet Union under the conditions where it was the only socialist state in the world still dominated by imperialism -- Stalin did make certain errors. To a significant degree this is explainable by the very fact that there was no historical precedent for this task, no previous experience (and previous errors) to learn from. On the other hand, as Mao has summed up, certain of Stalin's errors, including in the sphere of political economy, economic policy and socialist construction, arose because and to the extent that Stalin failed to thoroughly apply materialist dialectics to solving problems, including many genuinely new problems that did arise." (Mao Tsetung's Immortal Contributions, pp. 89-90)
Excerpted from The End of a Stage, The Beginning of a New Stage, by Bob Avakian, published in Revolution Magazine, Spring, 1990.
It is necessary, in summing up the stage that has ended and the historical experience of socialism so far, to speak once again to this question. I made a rather extensive analysis of the positive contributions as well as the serious errors of Stalin in Conquer the World. But right now, especially, with the changes going on the revisionist countries and the increasing repudiation and attacks there directed at Stalin and "Stalinism" from many different quarters, it is necessary to return to this and to make clear what it is we uphold and won't renounce and what we cannot uphold and must criticize in terms of Stalin's role as the leader of the Soviet Union and in the international communist movement over a decisive period of thirty years, from the early 1920s until his death in 1953.
Mao used the formulation that Stalin's achievements were 70 percent and his errors 30 percent of his overall role. The essence here is not the quantitative analysis-- not the percentages, 70 percent positive, 30 percent negative -- but the overall assessment this suggests: Stalin mainly should be upheld, but he did make errors, including serious errors.
First on the positive side -- the reasons why it is correct to uphold Stalin overall -- his contributions to the international communist movement that outweigh his negative side:
Following Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin led the Soviet Union in taking the socialist road in opposition to right and 'left' opponents whose lines would have led to openly abandoning the goal of socialist transformation or in any case would have led to socialism being overwhelmed and defeated by the forces of capitalism, inside the Soviet Union and internationally.
Stalin led in the complex and acute struggles to carry out collectivization of agriculture and to socialize the ownership of industry, putting the economy on a whole new foundation. This was something that had never been done before. While some significant mistakes were made, the fact is that, contrary to the slanders of the defenders and apologists of the old order, this monumental upheaval was marked by the enthusiasm and initiative of millions and millions of people in the countryside, especially the poor peasants, who were radically transforming centuries-old relations of oppression and casting off thousands of years of enslaving, mind-numbing tradition.
Stalin gave emphasis to the revolutionary struggle and the formation and development of communist parties in the East -- that is, the colonial world -- which was a very important development for the international communist movement. Along with this, Stalin made very valuable contributions in developing Marxist theory concerning the national and colonial question and the liberation struggles of the oppressed nations.
Stalin led the Soviet people in arduous and heroic struggle to defeat German imperialism, led by Hitler, in World War 2.
In the last years of his life Stalin not only refused to buckle under to the imperialists, who were threatening the Soviet Union with atomic weapons, but he continued to grapple with the problems of how to carry forward the socialist transformation of society and what would be the transition from a socialist economic system to a communist one.
All this is more than enough reason to continue to uphold Stalin's historical role as a leader of the Soviet Union and in the international communist movement.
As I wrote in Mao Tsetung's Immortal Contributions, in noting some of Stalin's main historic achievements and putting his errors in historical context:
"To bring about socialist collectivization together with socialist industrialization and transform the Soviet Union from a relatively backward to an advanced country economically -- all of which was accomplished in the two decades between the end of the civil war in Russia and WW2 -- was a great achievement of the Soviet working class and people under the leadership of Stalin. And it had much to do with the Soviet Union's ability to defeat the Nazi invaders in WW2, another great achievement of the Soviet people carried out under Stalin's leadership.
"All the same time, in giving leadership to an unprecedented task of such tremendous proportions--the socialization, transformation and rapid development of the economy of such a large and complex country as the Soviet Union under the conditions where it was the only socialist state in the world still dominated by imperialism -- Stalin did make certain errors. To a significant degree this is explainable by the very fact that there was no historical precedent for this task, no previous experience (and previous errors) to learn from. On the other hand, as Mao has summed up, certain of Stalin's errors, including in the sphere of political economy, economic policy and socialist construction, arose because and to the extent that Stalin failed to thoroughly apply materialist dialectics to solving problems, including many genuinely new problems that did arise." (Mao Tsetung's Immortal Contributions, pp. 89-90)